The Economics of Speculative Construction Development Term Paper

The Economics of Speculative Construction Development - Term Paper Example The lodging division in 2010 had recorded deals of 276,000 houses in the urban and semi-urban territories. This figure in most recent couple of years has expanded to around 454,000 (Athey, 2009). In spite of the fact that the lodging segment has been gaining consistent incomes, the necessary pace of development has not been good. Average citizens are thinking that its hazardous to put resources into property by procuring credits because of the reliable ascent of interests. Post monetary emergency, the vast majority of the budgetary foundations have built up tough strategies in regard of giving lodging credits. The lodging area of the U.K. anyway assumes a significant job in the advancement of the economy all in all. Despite the fact that the area has been bringing about moderate developments, the income got from the lodging and improvement part supposedly is industriously high. The requests for houses have stayed high as the economy is very prosperous. Individual in the U.K have an e levated level of extra cash, because of which they think that its achievable to put resources into property (Berry and McGreal, 2003). Exploration and studies in this part have demonstrated that the interest for houses is relied upon to rise consistently. Development organizations are, henceforth, thinking of it as beneficial to create locales and put resources into properties of the U.K (Harrison and Leitch, 2010). So as to support the lodging and advancement area, remote speculators are formulating various sorts of plans. Since populace is reliably rising, it is basic for property engineers to develop more homes. An ongoing study had assessed that it is basic to work in any event 150,000 new homes every year to be capable meet lodging necessities of the developing populace (Haveman and Sexton, 2008). In the ongoing years, numerous land designers from the U.S. have expanded their interests in the U.K. The positive market patterns and consistent development in land have been effective in drawing in remote financial specialists (Berry

Media change Analysis Essay -- Technology, Broadcasting, BBC News, CNN

Presentation: From mid-fifteenth-century, a development of printing innovation (Twyman, 1998), the introduction of isolated re-usable letters in Europe, raises a critical change for the media communicates . To suit with the difference in innovation and culture, the type of media is evolving quickly. From verbal to visual, structure paper to TV, it is no uncertainty to state that adjustments in media give such a great amount good for us. To share messages ‘real time’ and comprehensively, some new media like news weblogging and youtube are existing in these 10 years due to the develop of web innovation. This paper will examine how this media called â€Å"internet† will give a significantly impact and effect on worldwide inside these 10 years. The emerging of new media: The above figure demonstrates that clients who search BBC news are expanding consistently. The progression of expanding implies an ever increasing number of perusers attempt to peruse news on the web. Then again, it might raise a major test to the normal paper in light of the fact that very little peruser will watch both of standard and web paper. The element of new media: By Online News and the Public (Bruce Garrison, 2004)2, the Palo Alto Weekly in California is credited as the main Web paper in 1994. Contrasting and conventional paper, online news is giving a more productivity stage in introducing breaking news in a timelier way. Columnists can transfer the news inevitably and wherever rather than normal paper, that need to print out. Likewise, online paper can assist with diminishing expenses. Discharging on the web can dispensed with the expense of stock, printing and moving. Division between old media and new media: To make another tend for changing the conduct of perusers, new media ought to have some altogether poi... ...iendly. To keep the quality, noteworthiness and ethic of the online media, a few associations are attempts to give some exclusive expectation quality in paid access. Numerous online crowds anticipate that substance should be free, yet some news associations have gone to membership administrations or in a paid access. In Hong Kong’s news site, Like the compensation territory of Young Post of South China Morning post, clients need to pay a yearly expense to get the entrance for buy in the news and some intriguing data. Through the paid framework, associations are become all the more effectively to keep the news quality as they have more salary to work and quality control the news. The most ideal approach to improve their mentality is develop a decent journalistic condition. Through the administration advancement and checking among media industry, the journalistic condition will raise such a great amount of advantage among media. Media change Analysis Essay - Technology, Broadcasting, BBC News, CNN Presentation: From mid-fifteenth-century, a development of printing innovation (Twyman, 1998), the introduction of independent re-usable letters in Europe, raises a huge change for the media communicates . To suit with the difference in innovation and culture, the type of media is evolving quickly. From verbal to visual, structure paper to TV, it is no uncertainty to state that adjustments in media give such a great amount helpful for us. To share messages ‘real time’ and all around, some new media like news weblogging and youtube are existing in these 10 years in view of the develop of web innovation. This paper will talk about how this media called â€Å"internet† will give a significantly impact and effect on worldwide inside these 10 years. The emerging of new media: The above figure shows that clients who search BBC news are expanding consistently. The progression of expanding implies an ever increasing number of perusers attempt to peruse news on the web. Then again, it might raise a major test to the customary paper in light of the fact that very little peruser will watch both of common and web paper. The component of new media: By Online News and the Public (Bruce Garrison, 2004)2, the Palo Alto Weekly in California is credited as the main Web paper in 1994. Contrasting and conventional paper, online news is giving a more productivity stage in introducing breaking news in a timelier way. Correspondents can transfer the news unfailingly and wherever rather than common paper, that need to print out. Likewise, online paper can assist with diminishing expenses. Discharging on the web can dispensed with the expense of stock, printing and moving. Division between old media and new media: To make another tend for changing the conduct of perusers, new media ought to have some fundamentally poi... ...iendly. To keep the quality, noteworthiness and ethic of the online media, a few associations are attempts to give some elevated requirement quality in paid access. Numerous online crowds anticipate that substance should be free, however some news associations have gone to membership administrations or in a paid access. In Hong Kong’s news site, Like the compensation region of Young Post of South China Morning post, clients need to pay a yearly expense to get the entrance for buy in the news and some fascinating data. Through the paid framework, associations are become all the more effectively to keep the news quality as they have more salary to work and quality control the news. The most ideal approach to improve their mentality is develop a decent journalistic condition. Through the administration advancement and checking among media industry, the journalistic condition will raise such a great amount of advantage among media.

Argumentative Essay Topics For College

Argumentative Essay Topics For CollegeThere are a variety of argumentative essay topics for college which you can choose from. These topics are of various kinds, some of which may be familiar to you while others may be new to you. Most of the time it is helpful to go through the essay topics in this way in order to get a good feel for which ones you are comfortable with and which ones you would rather avoid.Some of the most common argumentative essay topics for college are based on political issues. For example, it may be a political essay topic on the US tax system. If you are an economist or a sociologist you could base the topic on some of the concepts and theories of economics and sociology. You could also write a political essay on the trade war and then add in some of the issues which are associated with political rhetoric.An argumentative essay is based on a political issue and may cover any number of issues related to the issues. Some of the topics which are often associated with politics are abortion, gay rights, drug laws, gay marriage, and religion in the public schools. To write an argumentative essay on these topics you will need to learn a lot about all of the political issues which are currently being debated. This will make it easier for you to understand what the issue is, and you will also be able to see how the other person is thinking. As you learn more about these issues, it is easy to write an argumentative essay on them.Another very common argumentative essay topics for college is religious views. This is one of the best topics to write an essay on because it is such a broad topic and is often surrounded by an array of different emotions and attitudes. As you read the essay, try to think about the religious viewpoints of the writer and see what they really believe. It is much easier to think about the most important beliefs of an individual when it is written down.The third common argumentative essay topics for college is health issues. H ealth is a very broad topic and you can write an essay on just about anything about health care, diet, and medicine. You can also write a thesis based on a research paper, or about an exam you have failed. These are all types of health essays which you can use to support your arguments about the issues.In addition to these, you can also write a proposal, defense, report, or thesis which is relevant to a particular legal issue. Or you can write an essay based on a document which a friend or colleague has sent you. By doing so, you will be able to add depth to your original article and also take a solid stand on the issue. It is not hard to write an argumentative essay on these topics either; all you need to do is go over them in a systematic way.The last thing you should be careful about is writing an essay on a controversial issue. Some issues that are highly controversial include race, religion, sexuality, and political correctness. If you are writing an essay on these topics you s hould discuss all of the merits and demerits carefully before writing the piece.Essays are not all one or the same. There are many types of essay topics for college. And since each type of essay has its own unique challenges and benefits, it is important to decide what type of essay you want to write before you begin.

Comparative Correlative - Definition and Examples

In grammar, a comparative correlative is a minor sentence pattern containing two corresponding phrases or clauses, each one headed by the and expressing a comparative: the X-er . . . the X-er or the X-er . . . the Y-er. The comparative correlative is also known as the correlative construction, the conditional comparative, or the the . . . the construction. Grammatically, the comparative correlative is a type of paired construction; rhetorically, the comparative correlative is often (but not always) a type of parison. Common Comparative Correlative Expressions The greater the risk, the greater the return.The harder you work, the harder it is to surrender.(American football coach Vince Lombardi)The deeper our sorrows, the louder well singLife is pure adventure, and the sooner we realize that, the quicker we will be able to treat life as art.(Maya Angelou, Wouldnt Take Nothing for My Journey Now. Random House, 1993)The more we do, the more we can do; the more busy we are, the more leisure we have.(William Hazlitt, The Spirit of the Age, 1825)The older the men are here, the more likely it is that they are wearing suits and ties.(John McPhee, Giving Good Weight. Giving Good Weight. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1979)The more you tighten your grip, Tarkin, the more star systems will slip through your fingers.(Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia Organa in Star Wars, 1977)The less we deserve good fortune, the more we hope for it.(Seneca)The greater your achievements, the less satisfactory your personal and domestic life will be.(Saul Bellow, More Die of Heartbreak. William Morrow, 1987)The more you pay attention to the richness of the world, the more you allow your interest to be absorbed by things outside of you, the more interesting a person you will become. And the more you pay attention to the world outside you, the more it gives back: by a kind of miracle, it will become a more interesting place.(Barbara Baig, How to Be a Writer: Building Your Creative Skills Through Practice and Play. Writers Digest Books, 2010) 'The More the Merrier' This construction — schematically [the X-er the Y-er] — is commonly referred to as the correlative construction (Culicover 1999: 83-5); Culicover and Jackendoff 1999; Fillmore, Kay, and OConnor 1988). It conveys that any increase (or decrease) in the value of X is associated with, and may even be construed as the cause of, an increase (or decrease) in the value of Y. A notable feature of the construction is the fact that the word the which features in it is not a determiner and is therefore not to be identified with the definite article the. Some instantiations of the construction: (16a) The more I know the more I worry.(16b) The less they have to say the more they talk.(16c) The bigger they are the harder they fall.(16d) The earlier you start the more you chance you have of being successful.(16e) The bigger the risk the bigger the payout.(16f) The less said the better. It is also worth noting that although the correlative construction is highly unusual, given the general principles of English syntax, it is not totally isolated from the rest of the language. There are, in fact, quite a few bipartite expressions in which the first element is presented as the cause, precondition, or explanation for the second. Like the correlative construction, these expressions lack a finite verb. Here are some examples: (17a) Garbage in, garbage out.(17b) Out of the frying pan (and) into the fire.(17c) Easy come, easy go.(17d) Cold hands, warm heart.(17e) Once bitten, twice shy.(17f) Out of sight, out of mind.(17g) Once a whinger, always a whinger.*(17h) One for me (and) one for you.(17i) First come, first served.(17j) Nothing ventured, nothing gained. * This expression instantiates the construction [ONCE A N, ALWAYS A N]. Examples from the BNC [British National Corpus] include once a Catholic, always a Catholic; once a Russian, always a Russian; once a misfit, always a misfit; once a dealer, always a dealer. The construction conveys that a person is not able to change their personality or their entrenched behaviour.(John R. Taylor, The Mental Corpus: How Language is Represented in the Mind. Oxford University Press, 2012) The . . . the (129) The more John eats the less he wants.This construction . . . is composed of two phrases, each of which expresses a comparative. Both may be of the form the more XP... , in which case the first is interpreted as a subordinate clause and the second as a main clause. Or, the first clause can simply contain a comparative, e.g. John wants less, in which case the first clause is interpreted as the main clause and the second is interpreted as a subordinate clause.Of particular relevance to the present discussion is the fact that the internal structure of the more . . . is sui generis, in the sense that the learner must simply acquire the knowledge that an expression of this form can be used in the way that we have described. As shown by Culicover and Jackendoff (1998), the more functions as an operator that binds a variable, and the chain that is formed is subject to the usual locality constraints. The form the more . . . must be initial in the clause, and cannot pied pipe a preposit ion...(Peter W. Culicover, Syntactic Nuts: Hard Cases, Syntactic Theory, and Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press, 1999) The Little Word 'the' (6) The more a student studies, the better grades she will receive.In English, both the first phrase and the second phrase obligatorily begin with the little word the. The unacceptability of (7a) is due to the absence of the in the first clause, in (7b) in the second clause, in (7c), the absence of the in both clauses unsurprisingly also results in unacceptability. (7a) * More a student studies, the better grades she will receive.(7b) * The more a student studies, better grades she will receive.(7c) * More a student studies, better grades she will receive. (Ronald P. Leow, Little Words: Their History, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, and Acquisition. Georgetown University Press, 2009)

The Education System Must Be Redesigned - 1422 Words

During the first three decades of the twentieth century, the progressive era had catapulted curriculum theory into a field of scientific inquiry. Its structure had been differentiated and the curriculum content had been expanded. All changes were created to meet the demands of a newly industrialized and urbanized civilization, and as a result â€Å"scientific management† became the guide for the development and implementation of the new curriculum. Franklin Bobbitt, one of the 19th century front-runners of scientific curriculum, stated that if the scientific procedures utilized in factories could increase productivity and efficiency, the same procedures could be used to improve curriculum (Flinders Thornton, p. 8). Bobbitt believed that†¦show more content†¦Dewey as a humanist, declared that education should be culturally relevant, student-centered, and prepare children to become active citizens for a changing society. Humanists believe that all children have the abi lity to develop different levels of mental reasoning. Education should help them expand the development of their reasoning power to become independent thinkers and productive beings who could lead to the improvement of society as a whole. Despite all of these differences, Bobbitt and Dewey both agreed that some subjects were unnecessary and subject matter must have educational value and relevance to the student’s life. The biggest difference between the theories was that Dewey placed the focus of the curriculum on the child, while Bobbitt did not. John Dewey’s curriculum method allows children to develop a passion for learning and brings out their natural inquisitiveness. He believed the child needed to be involved in constructing their own learning, which meant they had the freedom to make inquiries and mistakes in the process of learning. Children’s active participation for acquiring knowledge was his philosophy and to be a critical being was his ultimate goa l. Dewey’s student-centered methods can still be seen in many of today’s schools across the nation. Unfortunately, because of education reforms, more schools have chosen to abandon student-centered strategies, instead teaching students testingShow MoreRelatedEssay E-Business1680 Words   |  7 PagesE-Business 1- Abstract 2- About E-Business 3- Advantages and Disadvantages 4- The impact if e-business on a typical business 5- What a company must do to transform its strategy when it decides to transform into e-business 6- Conclusion 7- References Abstract There is a misconception that e-Business simply means buying and selling products and services over the Internet. 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Women in the French Revolution - 1101 Words

Christopher Tejeda 19 October 2010 History 4, 20316, T-Th 9:45-11:10 Women in the French Revolution: The Ultimate Failure of Women’s Acquisition of Equal Rights The French Revolution has often been touted as the revolution that liberated individuals and gave triumph to traditionally oppressed groups. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which was France’s declaration of rights drafted during the revolution, garnered basic human rights to all man, leaving all women as a subservient afterthought. Due to this oversight, many women as well as some men began to challenge exactly who deserved these rights and demanded equality for all women. While ultimately failing in Revolutionary France, the radical women’s movements†¦show more content†¦Women also decided to band together and create movements in support of women’s rights. Political clubs such as The Confederation of the Friends of Truth began accepting females. A political group associated with The Friends of Truth was called Cercle Social (Social Circle). This group was a movement for equality for women and included Condorcet as on of its members. In an address to The Friends of Truth, Etta Palm D’Aelders, a prominent female figurehead among the club, makes a statement to the general male public outlining overall female sentiment: From now on we should be your voluntary companions and not your slaves. Let us merit your attachment†¦And if devotion to study, if patriotic zeal, if virtue itself, which rests so often on love of glory, is as natural to us as to you, why do we not receive the same education and the same mean to acquire them?[5] Here, Palm asks why women continue to experience prejudice and why, if they are just as passionate and capable, are women kept in a state of perpetual ignorance. Such were the nature of most of the female activists and various political groups. 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The Revolution600 Words   |  3 PagesThe French Revolution of 1789- 1799 was a time of change for many people of France. The Revolution led to many changes in France which at the time of the Revolution, was the most powerful state in Europe. The major cause of the French Revolution was the disputes between the different types of social classes in French society. Harsh economic conditions brought high taxes and bad ha rvests resulted in suffering for the revolutionary women. They broke people down in Three estates: 1st was made up of

Leadership in Business Multinational Level Operations

Question: Describe about the Leadership in Business for Multinational Level Operations. Answer: CEO of a multinational company: Presently in the era of globalization there is a significantly large number of organizations which are operating at a multinational level. Hence, it is quite evident that the connection between the countries is increasing with the passage of time. These will in turn eradicate the cultural difference between the countries. However, at the same time when the economic barriers are diminishing the cultural barriers may grow up (Chhokar et al., 2013). Therefore, it imposes new challenges as well as opportunities in front of the businesses. Therefore, in a situation like this it has been observed that a robust leadership among the CEOs of the multinational companies is the only way out for leading the businesses towards prosperity. There have been a number of leadership skills but among them three leadership skills have been identified as the perfect skills especially for the multinational companies. According to Agyapong and Boamah (2013), effective leadership in the multinational companies is a crucial element that will help these organizations to sustain in the environment of globalization. The universal role of leadership is important in almost at all the levels of management. It controls the cooperation between plans designing and implementation of policies (Longenecker Fink, 2015). Again, another important leadership role of CEO of a multinational company is to represent the organization properly. The prior importance of the leader is to communicate the rationale of the organization to the public outside. With th e help of the leadership traits possessed by a leader he or she amalgamates their personal goals of them with the organizational goals (Vaccaro et al., 2012). A leader motivates an organization by creating a unique environment with the help of their unique leadership styles. A company without proper direction, even a short term planning may lead the organization towards a black hole, which is capable of consuming a lot of time and energy. In an organization, a leader is responsible for generating vision along with the mission statement that will depict the way, following which the organization will be able to prosper in future (Harper, 2016). The leadership styles and quality should be implemented within a multinational corporation because it helps the organization to adopt an affiliative leadership style that helps to build emotional bonding with the specific focus on the fact that people comes first. According to Vaccaro et al., (2012), it is essential for a leader to embody more than one trait of leadership in order to become successful. Now, on the other hand, an effective leader is that person who is responsible for the future position of the company and they are responsible for the duty of changing the organization from an average situation to a great corporation. Now, as stated by Baxter and Al-A'ali (2014), the responsibility is the exact price for greatness. Hence, it can be said that leadership quality is an essential requirement for the CEO of any multinational company. In this section of the essay the requirements and roles of a leader at the same time the implementation of leadership techniques has also been discussed. At the end of the study, it can be concluded that leadership is essential for the multinational companies for achieving prosperity in near future (Vaccaro et al., 2012). Hospital emergency room: In the emergency room of a hospital, a lot of skills are necessary to ensure the effective operability of these functions. For example, appropriate skills are definitely required to intubate a patient diagnosed with respiratory disorder, diagnosing and treating the patients with heart attack and delivering a baby (YÄÂ ±ldÄÂ ±rÄÂ ±m Birinci, 2013). The leaders do not perform these tasks by themselves as the physicians do. It is the capability of an emergency doctor to team up successfully with the simultaneous medical processes such as surgical, social emergencies and psychiatric and at the same time managing the administrative and clinical activities of the emergency department (Chhokar et al., 2013). As per the previous research base on these issues states, that leadership in an emergency room of a hospital is a complicated process by the intriguing dichotomy between the need for planning the careful response and the spontaneity of unavoidable events. This is the reason for which the leaders in the genre of emergency services are always interested in establishing a direct link with the development of potential services in the emergency sector (Almog-Bareket, 2012). Given the fact that there is a substantial evidence of the presence of leadership characteristic among the health and business professionals, if parallels are drawn by keeping similarity, then it could have been observed that the leadership and education strategies, which are employed in the other sectors, can also be employed in the emergency sectors (Choi Kim, 2014). It has also been observed that in the emergency services settings, the dynamics of leadership will be greatly diversify if small teams are present there, multiple teams and multiple leaders will definitely require effective coordination (Goriwondo, 2013). Up till now, not much research has been conducted in this regard that the effect of alteration of these hierarchies on the leaders. To be very specific it can be said that in the field of emergency and medical services overlap often especially whenever there is a rise of a disaster or major disease (Chekwa et al., 2014). This also depicts the fact that these personnel will come under an over-arching structure of leadership that is specially designed to coordinate among the actions of both of these services. A broader understanding about the differences and similarities from the traditional model of leadership of both of these areas will help to develop a better system of coordination. On the contrary, it can also depict the barriers in establishing the over-arching leadership models for the purposes of managing both of these services roles at the same point of time (Mendenhall Osland, 2012). However, a better understanding of the attributes of effective leadership of both of these sectors would definitely ensure that both the emergency as well as the medical sector would able to achieve higher standard (Vaccaro et al., 2012). In order to conclude it can be said that the emergency services leadership should be enhanced in order to establish a proper coordination between the processes and functions that takes place within the emergency room. Hence, developing the leadership qualities within the emergency doctors is definitely necessary to ensure that proper emergency medical facilities will be rendered efficiently to those who are in need. Manager of an aged care home: With the passage of time the number of older people are increasing in the world and that is too combined with the lower ratio of working persons who are in the working age is raining the need for finding more efficient ways for the management of the aged care homes (Vaccaro et al., 2012). Leadership in the context of managing the aged care homes has been explained by using a number of approaches, skills, traits, styles and most common among them is the behavior. . in the context of styles, a number of different leadership styles have been identified such as: Democratic, autocratic, directive and participative, task-oriented, transactional and transformational. Mainly the aged care home can be handled by focusing on two styles. These are task-oriented leadership and relationship oriented leadership (Vaccaro et al., 2012). The task-oriented style of leadership includes planning of the work activities, clarifying the roles and the objectives as well. It also focuses on monitoring the operations and performance of the individuals. In contrast to this, the relationship-oriented style incorporates in itself the supporting behavior (consideration, concern, acceptance and concern for needs and considering the feelings of the subordinates), developing and recognizing (showing or passing of appreciation). There is a high level of relevance between the productivity and leadership style in the context of aged care homes, as quality of care is considered as an essential indicator of productivity. In this case context of study it has been evaluated that the task oriented leadership taken together with the relationship oriented leadership styles are related systematically with the productivity. The effectiveness of the task oriented leadership style on the productivity is systematically associated (Vaccaro et al., 2012). However, it has also been observed that the effect of adapting one style does not eradicate the effect of the other style, but they complement each other. It has been a widely researched issues that the need of leadership for the quality of the aged care systems. However, the particular style of leadership essential for influencing the quality of care in the aged care industries (Vaccaro et al., 2012). Although there are other studies as well, that has focused on the leadership techniques, which are already applied in the aged acre houses. These leadership techniques when evaluated it has been found that these are of either task oriented leadership or relationship oriented leadership. In some cases, there are aged care homes that applies a combination of these two leadership style sat the same time (Vaccaro et al., 2012). In order to conclude it can be said that the essay has focused briefly on the three topics associated with leadership. In every cases the role and need of a leader is discussed and then the effective implementation style is also mentioned in this essay. While conducting the study a vast range of literature available in this regard has been evaluated and this has helped the researcher to gin a broader knowledge about this concepts. On the light of the knowledge gained by doing the literature review all of the questions associated with these concepts have been answered. Reference List: Agyapong, A., Boamah, R. B. (2013). Business strategies and competitive advantage of family hotel businesses in Ghana: The role of strategic leadership.Journal of Applied Business Research,29(2), 531. Almog-Bareket, G. (2012). Visionary leadership in business schools: an institutional framework.Journal of management development,31(4), 431-440. Baxter, J., Al-A'ali, H. (2014). 'Your situation is critical...': the discursive enactment of leadership by business women in Middle Eastern and Western European contexts.Gender Language,8(1). Chekwa, C., Ouhirra, L., Thomas, E., Chukwuanu, M. (2014). AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF LEADERSHIP ON BUSINESS ETHICS: EMPIRICAL STUDY.International Journal of Business Public Administration,11(1). Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Choi, S. I., Kim, D. I. (2014). A Study on The Effect Business Performance of Leadership on Global Corporate.Journal of Digital Convergence,12(10), 191-199. Goriwondo, W. M. (2013). Transformational Leadership and Business Growth. Harper, J. (2016). Australia Webinar: Inclusive Leadership: A Business Imperative.Catalyst. Longenecker, C., Fink, L. S. (2015). Exceptional HR leadership rests on four foundations: Business acumen, trust, expertise and culture make up the cornerstones.Human Resource Management International Digest,23(1), 21-24. Mendenhall, M. E., Osland, J. (2012).Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge. Vaccaro, I. G., Jansen, J. J., Van Den Bosch, F. A., Volberda, H. W. (2012). Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size.Journal of Management Studies,49(1), 28-51. YÄÂ ±ldÄÂ ±rÄÂ ±m, N., Birinci, S. (2013). Impacts of organizational culture and leadership on business performance: A case study on acquisitions.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,75, 71-82.

Disciple Of Paul Aristotle Correct Essays - Christology, God

Disciple Of Paul: Aristotle Correct Disciple of Paul: Aristotle correct Aristotle: Yes, and you are? Disciple of Paul: I am a Christian disciple of Paul. It is an honor to meet you. Aristotle: why thank you. Now Pual, he was an apostle of Jesus and a leader of Christianity correct? Disciple of Paul: Yes he is known as the greatest missionaries of the early church. He endured sickness, rejection, and repeated attacks on his life to bring the message of Gods grace and forgiveness to gentiles. And yes Paul was largely responsible for the solid inception and growth of Christianity. Aristotle: You said a messenger of Gods grace. May I assume that you see Jesus as God on earth? Disciple of Paul: Of course. We believe Jesus is the form in which God took here on earth. Why, does this trouble you in any way? Aristotle: Well first you must understand this. I believe matter and form exist as one. But only form can present without matter. Matter cannot be present with out form. It is my belief that God exists in pure actuality. He exists in form, God, with the absence of matter, Jesus. In other words, God is only God, he is the first of all substances, and there is no formation of him on earth. Disciple of Paul: That is all very interesting, but it is Jesus who elected his people, and it is they who fulfilled the requirement of responding in faith. When I say elected I mean it is God speaking to his people, choosing them, as a part of his pre determined plan. Do you believe that your life is pre determined? Aristotle: No not really. It is everybodys responsibility to live a good life and to be successful. There are those that are blessed with luck, but I do not believe God intrudes upon everybodys life. Disciple of Paul: Then by what I am hearing success to you is very different. I find success in living out Gods words. It was revealed to us through Jesus that our mission was to follow God and have faith, and as a result good will come to us. Aristotle: You are right in that I believe differently. Happiness is the ultimate goal of life, and living is the process in which to get there. Anything astray from trying to achieve happiness I would consider a sin. Which is probably much different from what you would consider to be sin. Disciple of Paul: Sin or hamartia, in a sense, is right among us in the way that you think. I am not trying to be mean, but Paul says sin is the refusal to recognize God. You may not be aware of it but you do this when you say that Jesus is not the human form in which God has taken here on earth. Aristotle: I do not necessarily refuse to recognize God, I just dont think that sin has any relation to God. My belief in God is centered on our existence as humans, not in the way we live our day-to-day lives. I see God as the initiator of existence. Because everything is the result of some kind of motion and change cannot occur by itself, the motion had to have started at one point. This is what I call God, or the Prime Mover, in other words. Disciple of Paul: In some ways that is very similar to what I believe about God as the creator, in that God not only was responsible for the initial motion but God created the world as we know it. Beginning with Adam and Eve and so on as explained in Genesis. Aristotle: Well, it was very nice speaking with you. Good luck in your life of faith to God. Disciple of Paul: You as well, and I hope you are able to reach ultimate happiness. Philosophy Essays

Innovative New Business Models in Telecommunications Mobil essays

Innovative New Business Models in Telecommunications Mobil essays Project: Innovative New Business Models in Telecommunications Mobile Commerce Mobile Commerce is any transaction with a monetary value that is conducted via a mobile telecommunication network. According to this definition, mobile commerce represents a subset of all E-Commerce transactions, both in the Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer area. In other words it is a retail outlet at customers hand to access and transact business 24 hours non stop anywhere. Attributes of Mobile Commerce Mobile Commerce Market Drivers Accessing Internet facilities M-Commerce Enabling Technologies M-Commerce Business Models and Applications Key Success Factors of M-Commerce and other related issues M-Commerce Indian Perspective Barely before Internet-facilitated e-commerce has begun to take hold, a new wave of technology-driven commerce has started - mobile (m-) commerce. Fueled by the increasing saturation of mobile technology, such as phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs), m-commerce promises to inject considerable change into the way certain activities are inducted. Equipped with micro-browsers and other mobile applications, the new range of mobile technologies offer the Internet in the consumer's pocket for which the consumer possibilities are endless, including banking, booking or buying tickets, shopping and real-time news. (The Mobile commerce value chain : Analysis and future developments, international Journal of Information management, Stuart J Barnes, Apr 2002) Advances in wireless technology increase the number of mobile device users and give pace to the rapid development of e-commerce using these devices. The new type of e-commerce, conducting transactions via mobile terminals, is called mobile commerce. Due to its inherent characteristics such as ubiquity, personalization, flexibility, and dissemination, mo...

Drought vs ALS ice bucket challenge Annotated Bibliography

Drought vs ALS ice bucket challenge - Annotated Bibliography Example Specifically, chapter 27 discusses Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Hence, Bellenir’s writing is peer-reviewed article. Considerably, the book contents comprise creative ideas of Bellenir on mental health conditions. Through the book, Bellenir provides specifics about emotional and mental health disorders. Through the book, he explains aspects of consumer knowledge relating to the intricate issues about brain disorders and mental health challenges. Significantly, in chapter 27 of the book, Bellenir apply the information from unreserved addresses. The book chapter serves to improve understanding of the risk factors, caused and subsequent treatments Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Therefore, Bellenir’s writing provides insights that facilitate identification of symptoms, and detailed diagnostic examinations. Bellenirs writing is relevant to the area of discussion about ALS. Largely, the work is useful in administering different treatment possibilities and identification of coping strategies for the patients across the globe. In addition, Bellenir explains common health care vocabulary. Thus, the book chapter is a handy requirement for people in various fields of study and operation in regards to understanding the complex human disorder challenges. However, a section of medical practitioners and scholars considers the work as invalid and lack authentication of medical standards. The article is BBC news release providing different sector and stakeholder views on the issue and extent of drought experienced in California. Essentially, this article elaborates current news event and topical issues in contemporary California. The BBC publication also provides information about past similar events. In this news item produced in August 2014, Leithead, BBC newscast journalist reports the nature and magnitude of drought in California. He describes the drought as the vilest climatic condition experienced in a century. Furthermore, Leithead expounds that the

Operationalising the AMO (Ability, Motivation, Opportunity) framework Assignment

Operationalising the AMO (Ability, Motivation, Opportunity) framework - Assignment Example The AMO framework, also known as the people and performance model, is defined as the sum of the ability, motivation and opportunity of an employee (Raiden, Dainty, and Neale, 2006). ... As Boxall and Macky (2009) noted, â€Å"every human resources system works through its impacts on the skills and knowledge of individual employees, their willingness to exert effort, and their opportunities to express their talents in their work. However, human resource systems also affect a range of variables on a more collective level, helping to build organisational capabilities, and influencing the organisational culture, and social and psychological climate in which individuals are embedded.† More so, studies show that the AMO model does not only impact the organisational performance but the high performance work practice as well. Human resource managers are guided by policies and strategies covered by the disciplines of human resource management. These principles help managers in dealing with obstacles and serious situations of handling people well (O’Donnell, Livingston, and Bartram, 2009). Lee and Cummings (2008) supported this claim by recognising that managers â€Å"are credited with the responsibility of front line leadership and management.† As such, the knowledge of these leaders in applying the ability, motivation and job opportunities framework to employees and the workplace by implementing its theories into the company’s organisational behaviour is essential in the success of human resource management. Katou and Budhwar (2009) maintained that â€Å"the motivation to perform is further moderated by managerial style and organisational culture.† Strategies that can be used by managers include creating reward programmes, creative recruitment methods, job rotation and job redesign. To achieve high performance from employees, managers can apply the learning behaviour consequences feature of

Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson Essay Example for Free

Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson Essay Bridge to Terabithia is an ambitious, thrilling, and at times heartbreaking story about childhood, friendship, and individuality. Paterson begins the story by introducing Jess Aarons, an eleven ­year ­old boy living in a rural area of the South who loves to run. He dreams of being the fastest boy in the fifth grade when school starts up in the fall, feeling that this will for once give him a chance to stand in the spotlight among his five sisters, and win him the attention of his constantly preoccupied father. Jess is very insecure in his identity. He loves to paint and draw, but he knows that this labels him a sissy in most eyes, particularly his father. As Katherine Paterson said â€Å"Jess drew the way some people drink whiskey.† I enjoyed reading about Jess’s confliction between his masculinity and effeminacy. With his family stretched so tight by poverty he has little chance to really explore his own identity during this crucial period of adolescence. He is determined to win in doing something masculine that will rid the undesired label of â€Å"sissy† or â€Å"Girl† in the eyes of his father and schoolmates which will allow him to shine in his own right. He practices each morning, always dreaming of his upcoming victory. However, when the races come around at recess, a new girl, Leslie Burke, who just moved next door to Jess, boldly crosses to the boys’ side of the playground and beats everyone.

The English Bildungsroman Essay -- Literature Essays Literary Criticis

The English Bildungsroman      Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel has a strong tradition in English literature. In Great Britain, it can trace its roots back to Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe in 1719 (Kroll 23). Since then, the British novel has grown in popularity. It was especially popular in Victorian England. The type of novel that was particularly popular in Victorian England was the novel of youth. Many authors of the time were producing works focused on the journey from childhood to adulthood: Charlotte Bronte wrote Jane Eyre, George Eliot wrote The Mill on the Floss, and Charles Dickens wrote David Copperfield and Great Expectations. All of these novels trace the growth of a child. In this respect, some of the most popular novels of the nineteenth century were part of the genre called the Bildungsroman. In the simplest sense of the word, a Bildungsroman is a novel of the development of a young man (or in some cases a young woman). In fact, the Webster's College Dictionary definition of Bildungsroman is "a novel dealing with the education and development of its protagonist". The Bildungsroman as a genre has its roots in Germany. Jerome Buckley notes that the word itself is German, with Bildung having a variety of connotations: "portrait," "picture," "shaping" and "formation," all of which give the sense of development or creation (the development of the child can also be seen as the creation of the man) (13-14). Roman simply means "novel." The term Bildungsroman emerged as a description of Goethe's novel Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre. This was the first Bildungsroman, having been published between 1794 and 1796 (Buckley 9). The word "lehrjahre" can be translated as "apprenticeship" (Buckley 10). "Apprenticeship" has many connotations, mos... ...sroman. It is these differences precisely that make each novel its own story. After all, even though every person's story is different, they must all go through stages of development in order to reach maturity and find their personal niche within the larger world. The basic formula of the Bildungsroman is universal and especially appropriate to the growing world of the Victorian age where the kind of opportunities presented to the hero of the Bildungsroman echoed the actual experiences of those growing up in that era. Works Cited "Bildungsroman." Webster's College Dictionary. New York: Random House, 1996. Buckley, Jerome Hamilton. Season of Youth: The Bildungsroman from Dickens to Golding. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1974. Kroll, Richard. "Defoe and Early Narrative." Columbia History of the British Novel. Ed. John Richetti. New York: Columbia UP, 1994.

Grover Cleveland

Grover Cleveland ! Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey. Cleveland's father was a minister, originally from Connecticut, and his mother was from Baltimore. He was the ? fth of nine children, named Stephen Grover, but he did not use the name â€Å"Stephen† in his adult life. ! In 1841, his family moved to Fayetteville, New York where he spent most of his childhood. In 1850 Cleveland's father took a pastorate in Clinton, New York , and the family had to move to accommodate for his job. They moved once more in 1853 to Holland Patent, New York. Soon after the move Cleveland? s father past away. After the death of his father Cleveland dropped out of school to help support his family. A elder in his church offered to pay his college tuition if he promised to be a minister like his father, Cleveland declined, and instead decided to move West.On his way West, Cleveland stopped by his uncles house in Buffalo, New York. While there he was given a clerical job at his uncles law ? rm. Cleveland uncle was an important person in New York, and he would introduce him to a lot of in? uential men there. Cleveland later took a clerkship with the ? rm, and then became a certi? ed lawyer. Leaving his uncle? s ? rm in 1962 to start his own ? m. He built a reputation for himself as being committed and dedication to hard work. ! Cleveland stayed out of politics until 1970, where he ran for sheriff of Erie County, which he won. After his two year term as sheriff he returned to the ? eld of law, opening law ? rm with his two friends. There he found himself at the top of Buffalo's legal community. !In 1881 the democratic party leaders approached Cleveland and asked him if he would like to run for Mayor of Buffalo, he took of? ce January 2, 1882. His term as mayor gave him the reputation of being an honest politician, the reputation soon spread beyond Erie County. As Cleveland? s reputation grew, the democratic party began to consider him a p ossible nominee for governor. When the democratic convention could not decide between their two leading candidates Rosewell P. Flower, and Henry W. Slocum, Cleveland emerged as the compromise choice, and on January 1st 1883, he took of? ce winning the election by a landslide. Cleveland's blunt, honest ways as governor won him popular acclaim. ! In 1884 Cleveland was seen as a leading contender for the presidential nomination. And due to failing health of other contenders he was nominated to be the democratic nominee for the 1884 election.While the popular vote was close, with Cleveland winning by just one-quarter of a percent, the electoral votes gave Cleveland a majority of 219–182. And is sworn in as president of the United States on March 4th, 1885. ! Cleveland's ? rst term was uneventful, but was marked by ? rmness on his part to the principles which he deemed productive to the nation. He made large use of the veto power upon bills passed by Congress. On June 2, 1886, Cle veland married Frances Folsom, in the Blue Room of the white house. He was the second president to be married in the White House. After his ? st term was up the democratic party renominated Cleveland, but he lost the election, receiving 168 electoral votes, to Benjamin Harrison? s 233 votes. Even though Cleveland had lost the electoral votes, he had won the popular vote by more then 100,000 votes. Cleveland retired to private life and resumed the practice of the law in New York. ! In 1892 Cleveland was nominated for president a third time in succession. He won receiving 277 electoral votes to Harrison? s 145 (22 were cast for James B. Weaver of Iowa, the candidate of the â€Å"People's† party). Cleveland's second term included some important events.The most important was the repeal of the silver legislation, which had been a growing menace for ? fteen years. ! Cleveland's second term expired on the 4th of March 1897, and he then retired into private life. He was well respecte d, and constantly consulted on his knowledge. He was a trustee of Princeton University and Stafford Little lecturer on public affairs. And lived in New Jersey, until his death on the 24th of June 1908. Major Event During Administration ! Grover Cleveland? s ? rst term (1885-1889) was uneventful.Cleveland used his veto power sparingly. Vetoing 413 bills in his ? st term, more than two-thirds of which were private pension bills. Cleveland reduced taxation upon American citizens, due to the growing surplus of money in the United States Treasury. Cleveland was also a advocate of the tariff reform. He believed that the tariff should be reduced, this con? ict was never resolved in Cleveland? s 1885-1889 term, and would remain a problem for the upcoming elections. During his ? rst term, Cleveland appointed two justices to the supreme court. The ? rst, Lucius Q. C. Lamar in 1887, and the second Melville Fuller a few months later. ! Grover Cleveland? s second term (1893-1897) contained some notable events.The most important was the repeal of the silver legislation, this had been creeping up for the past 15 years. People would turn their coin notes in for gold, instead of silver, causing a depletion of the United States gold reserve. Cleveland repealed the act to prevent the depletion of the country's gold reserves. The problems for Cleveland didn? t stop there though. A strike began against the Pullman Company (manufacture of railroad cars) against low wages and long work hours, and by June 1894, 125,000 railroad workers were on strike, paralyzing the nations trade. Cleveland felt that a federal solution was needed.So he sent federal troops to the rail centers to insure the commerce of the united states continued. ! Having reversed the silver legislation, Cleveland? s next goal was to reverse the effects of the McKinley tariff. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act was ? nally passed in 1894 after many reforms by the house, this slightly reduced the United States tariff rates, and imposed a 2% income tax. Cleveland was outraged with the ? nal bill and criticized it as disgraceful product of the control of the Senate. Still he believed it was an improvement over the McKinley tariff and allowed it to become a law without his signature.Goals and Initiatives Election of 1884 ! Cleveland? s campaign for his 1884 election was focused mainly on the corruption in politics. His reputation as an opponent of corruption proved to be one of the Democrats strongest asset for the 1884 election. His opponent James G. Blaine was known to be a corrupt politician, he would corruptly in? uenced legislation in favor of the success of companies , later pro? ting on the sale of bonds he owned in them. This level of corruption made some people crowd over to Cleveland? s side, because they were more concerned with morality than with party. ! Cleveland preached honesty and ef? iency in government. Even when Cleveland was charged with fathering an illegitimate child, he immediately admitted the possibility of himself being the babies father.Election of 1888 ! Cleveland? s renomination in 1888, against Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, was focused mainly on the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act. The republicans aggressively defended protective tariffs, where as Cleveland felt the tariff cost? s should be reduced. ! Cleveland was certain that he would be able to pull another victory in this election, and even though he had won the popular vote 48. 6 percent to Harrison? s 47. percent he lost the electoral vote due to slightly losing in the major game changing states. ! Election of 1892 ! The election of 1892 was a rematch of the year before, with the democrats nominating Grover Cleveland, and the republicans nominating Benjamin Harrison.Additionally, a third party had emerged on the scene: the People's Party, they had given their nomination to James B. Weaver of Iowa. ! This election was according to Cleveland biographer Allan Nevins, â€Å"the cleanest, qu ietest, and most creditable in the memory of the post-war generation† this was mostly due to the fact that Harrison? wife was dying of tuberculosis. Harrison did not personally campaign, and Cleveland followed suit out of sympathy to his political rival as not to use Mrs. Harrison's illness to his advantage. ! The issue on tariffs had worked to the republicans advantage the election before, but over the past four years the price of imported good had gotten higher and higher. So many voters who sided with Harrison the year before had turned their views to either Cleveland or Weaver of the People? s Party. In the end Cleveland won by wide margins in both the popular and electoral votes, and was elected the 24th president of the United States.Achievements ! Grover Cleveland had many achievements during his presidential career. He stopped the abandonment of the gold standard, saved land from Hawaii and to this day is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. Cleveland had earned the trust of the people due to his struggles to remove corruption from the political system. He is also one of the eight presidents of the United States to be printed on a bill (Paper Currency, $1,000 Bill) Evaluation ! Grover Cleveland seem? s to be the perfect politician. He was honest, fair, and experienced. I am not the only one who thought so as well.In the three times Cleveland had run for president, he had won the popular vote every time. The choices he made seemed to be very smart and evoked little hostile actions from the people of the United States.Bibliography â€Å"American President  Reference Resource: Campaigns and Elections. † Millercenter. org. The Miller Center, n. d. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"American President. † Millercenter. org. The Miller Center, n. d. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Grover Cleveland. † Www. nndb. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Presidents On All US Dollar Bills, Presidents On Money. † Www. marshu. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. .

Minimum Wage Persuasive Essay - 1106 Words

Do you believe that all jobs that require little to no skill deserve more than the federal minimum wage? If you said yes then perhaps you are unaware of the many negative effects surrounding a higher minimum wage and after reading this you will be educated on why the minimum wage should not be raised. In the beginning, the minimum wage was created with good intentions. It was originally established in 1938 and was $.25 an hour (Sessions). It was created to make sure that businesses would not take advantage over workers. While the minimum wage was and still is a good concept, it has some flaws. The major issue is that the minimum wage continues to be raised. The main reason for the increasing of the minimum wage is because people who make†¦show more content†¦This is turn causes unemployment for the very jobs the new minimum wage was created for. The federal minimum wage is set at $7.25 an hour (Calvert, Scott, and Morath). Unfortunately, there are states that have decided to raise the minimum wage. The state with the highest minimum wage at $11.00 and hour is Massachusetts (Wuttke). All states should be required to revert back to the federal minimum wage and not have the ability to raise it whatsoever. Doing this would ensure that inflation would not rise because of anything minimum wage related, lower unemployment, guarantee safety of the middle class, and create a fair and level playing field among workers across America. But, reverting the minimum wage in places where it is higher will not necessarily be an easy task. There are many advocates for it, and most of them being minimum wage workers themselves. To act upon this problem a bill would have to be placed forward into Congress. In order for the bill to be passed it has to receive a majority vote, and this could be difficult because many Democrats support a higher minimum wage. However, if they took the time to look at the opposing view and realize the negative effects it causes, their minds wil l change. The minimum wage has a long history. It was first introduced with the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (Bose). This act declared that employers must pay eachShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage Persuasive Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesRandy Oczkowski Mrs. Kenny March 25, 2013 Persuasive Essay $7.25 equals two gallons of gas, one fast food meal, or a simple school supply. With the minimum wage at the current rate you must work one hour to earn the seven dollars and twenty-five cents that only supply you with small necessities for everyday living. This problem was encountered before and was resolved with the agreement to higher the minimum wage from $5.85 to the current $7.25. 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Jamie Richardson, MBA, VP of the fast-food chain White Castle, stated that the company would be forced to close almost half of its restaurants and let go thousands of workers if the federal minimum wage was raised to $15. Peter D. Schiff, an investment broker and investor, stated inRead MoreMinimum Wage Persuasive Essay1870 Words   |  8 PagesRaising minimum wage is a very controversial topic. Minimum wage became a federal law in 1938 and only it was only twenty-five cents. Today minimum wage has increased and is currently ten dollars and fifty cents. As one can see minimum wage has increased dramatically and will continue to increase. Minimum wage should not continue to increase at this rate because many businesses will be affected, the price of living will increase and it will alter the way people live. With this minimum wage is hurtingRead MorePersuasive Speech Draft (Minimum Wage) Essay745 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Kirsten Burroughs Professor Hart Persuasive Speech 04 December 2013 Intro: People of the middle class all know that the minimum wage of $7.25 is not sufficient to maintain a comfortable lifestyle. There is considerable evidence to show that the current generations comfortable lifestyles require a more luxurious price for standard living. The cost of living over the years has dramatically increased due to high consumer demands of products. As that being said, $7.25 is just not enough forRead Moreminimum wage1601 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the low-income workers and their families whenever the government increases the minimum wage. The United States Congress adopted the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938. Congress created the minimum wage toward the end of the Depression era to ensure a minimum standard oPremium 2048 Words 9 Pages Macroeconomics: Should the Minimum Wage Increase? Should the Minimum Wage Increase? Minimum wage is the lowest wage permitted by law or by a special agreement that can be applied for an employee or putRead MoreWal Mart : A Necessary Evil? Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesWal-Mart: A Necessary Evil? It does not take a large amount of funding and private studies to see that Wal-Mart is a widely successful corporation that offers cheaper prices than their competitors. In Jack and Suzy Welch’s essay they argue that we should support businesses that help individuals, communities and whole economies prosper, they claim that, â€Å"Wal-Mart helps individuals, communities, and whole economies prosper† (161), so we should support Wal-Mart. On the other hand, Paul Krugman arguesRead MoreGoodmans Arguments Against Relativism in Some Moral Minima979 Words   |  4 Pagesrelativism Given the increasing globalization of modern society, combined with the influence of postmodernism, the philosophy of moral relativism has become increasingly popular and accepted within the academy. However, according to Lenn E. Goodmans essay Some moral minima, some things are just wrong. Goodman writes: All living beings make claims to life (Goodman 2010: 88). In other words, to protect the sanctity of human life, sometimes it is necessary to lay down certain absolute ground rules